Bibliography

Barbarani, Sofia. "Meet the Bachaqueros: The Venezuelans Turning to the Black Market

       to Survive." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 08 Nov. 2016. Web. 06 Apr. 2018.

This source discusses the appearance of Bachaqueros in Venezuela’s black market economy. The source gives examples and personal anecdotes to further support the claim that there is an extreme presence of these vendors in the nation’s modern black market. The article also provides definitions that I will use in reference to bachaqueros and pimpineros.

"China Rebuffs U.S. Criticism of Relations with Oil-Rich Venezuela."Reuters. Thomson

       Reuters, 5 Feb. 2018. Web. 18 Apr. 2018.

This source discusses sanctions as a means of controlling the problem of Venezuela internationally. This source specifically refers to the relations between China and Venezuela. Further, the article speaks of the critiques made by the U.S. addressing China.

"Crisis Upon Crisis In Venezuela." The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2017.

This source provides a debriefing of the current state of Venezuela both socially and economically. Additionally, this source discusses some of the possible solutions that are being discussed amongst world leaders presently. This source specifically discusses the impact of the collapse in relation to the global community. The article addresses health care, inflation, and food shortages.

"Despotism and Default in Venezuela." Economist 30 Nov. 2017: n. pag. Web. 7 Dec.

       2017.

Focusing largely on the corruption both faced in Venezuela’s economy and political landscape, the article provides recent data points that demonstrate the vast corruption engrained in Venezuelan government. While touching on corruption in the oil industry, the source discusses the immense debt Venezuela has accumulated. Additionally, the question of how the creditors are responding to not receiving their money. The source furthers proposes methods, such as bonds, in which Venezuela may attempt to repay loans and manage to work around economic sanctions.

Diaz, Rafael. Personal Interview. 4 Dec. 2017.

As my thesis advisor, Dr. Diaz was able to provide much anecdotal evidence to my thesis. Additionally, with a strong history background, he was able to contribute with many names and dates that are relevant to the history of the country. Dr. Diaz also provides a voice that is representative of much of how the public feels in Venezuela as a citizen.

Gallegos, Raul. Crude Nation: How Oil Riches Ruined Venezuela. Potomac Books, an

       Imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2016.

Touching upon all of the major social, economic, and political themes that my thesis will focus on, the book gives thorough background and context. As a journalist, Gallegos gives a first-hand account of the realities of Venezuela, which is extremely helpful in attempting to match each statistic with an equally as dramatic anecdote. Gallegos provides background context, as well as a current debriefing of the current situation. Entering as a foreigner and remaining there for five years, Gallegos offers both an alien’s and a local’s view.

Gascoigne, Bamber. "History of Venezuela." History World. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2018.

This source provides an in-depth history of Venezuela from the time of colonization to the era of Chavez. The article is extremely helpful for references of both dates and names of important figures in the history of Venezuela. The source also contributes to information surrounding the oil market at the time of each ruler.

Heckel, Heather D., and John D. Martz. "Venezuela." Encyclopædia Britannica.

       Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 01 Dec. 2017. Web. 20 Dec. 2017.

This source provides a background to the history of Venezuela. My main use for this source is to derive dates and basic facts about the colonization and original European influence of the nation.

Without too much extra detail this article provides the bare necessities for summarizing the beginnings of Venezuela.

"How Chávez and Maduro Have Impoverished Venezuela." Economist 6 Apr. 2017: n.

       page. Web. 7 Dec. 2017.

In comparing various oil producing countries, this sources speaks to the various crisis planning or lack thereof in Venezuela’s economy. Specifically looking at oil reserves and money reserves, Venezuela drastically lacks any form of a fiscal safety net, while countries with similar oil reserves seem to be preparing for the inevitable drop in oil prices. The source uses countries such as Norway and Saudi Arabia to draw comparisons. Additionally, the source discusses how regulations and corruption have put Venezuela in its current position.

“How to Deal With Venezuela.” The Economist (US), 29 July 2017.

While also covering the major social and economic problems, the source largely narrows in on corruption within the system. The corruption discussed in the source involves mainly corruption in elections and voting. Additionally, the article proposes solutions involving both U.S. involvement and international group action, using groups such as the UN and the OAS.

Kirby, Jen. "What the Hell Is Happening in Venezuela." Daily Intelligencer. New York

       Media, 30 July 2017. Web. 9 Oct. 2017.

The article provides an overview of the social, political, and economic conditions currently in Venezuela. Specifically, this article focuses on the government’s actions, elections, and petroleum. This article touches on many of the broad topics concerning the nation such as the legacy of Chavez, a division amongst the people of Venezuela, as well as possible solutions to some of the problems the country is facing such as political division and unrest amongst the citizens.

Krauss, Clifford. "Oil Prices: What to Make of the Volatility." The New York Times. The

       New York Times, 15 May 2017. Web. 21 Feb. 2018.

This article was used for one definition.

Lieuwen, Edwin, and Jennifer L. McCoy. "Venezuela." Encyclopædia Britannica.

       Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 01 Dec. 2017. Web. 08 Jan. 2018.

The information in this source is a thorough summary of the nation’s history. The source provides many names and dates that are essential in providing an accurate timeline. Additionally, this source provides other data on cultural and political trends throughout history.

Paz, Guillermo. Personal Interview. 17. Jan. 2018.

This series of interviews allowed a lot a personal perspective on the themes and questions I focus on in my thesis. As an active member of the current opposition in Venezuela, Guillermo was extremely informed and felt he could accurately represent the vast public opinion. Guillermo is a Venezuelan citizen, lived in the capital city, and only recently immigrated to the United States.

Paz, Joan. Personal Interview. 20. Jan. 2018.

Joan Paz moved to the United States a decade ago from Venezuela where she had lived all of her life. Her family was upper class and lived in the capital city of Caracas. This interview was mainly discussing the general public viewpoints regarding Chavez, Maduro, and the changes Venezuela has seen. Although she lives in the U.S., with family and friends still in Venezuela she is very connected to the current realities of the nation.

“Petro: The Cryptocurrency of Venezuela.” Vox, 4 Dec. 2017.

As the bolivar continues to plummet, Chavez is looking for another solution in cryptocurrency. The source talks about the way the cryptocurrency would operate and the equation that would be used to calculate the currency strength. The author speaks to why a new currency may be necessary. Additionally, the article offers various opinions from economists analyzing the possible success of the “petro” if it is enacted.

"Realism in Venezuela." Foreign Policy. N.p., 15 Jan. 2009. Web. 7 Dec. 2017.

The article looks at Venezuela in its category of a high oil producing nation. The source is extremely useful because it was published in 2009. A slightly dated article provides context to the world’s reactions to the beginning of the public crash of Venezuela before Chavez was out of power. The article helps to understand the current situation because it sheds light of Venezuela in the era of Chavez.

"Saving Venezuela." The New York Times 22 Sept. 2017. Web. 24 Oct. 2017.

This source provides information of the societal repercussions of the economic collapse. Additionally the sources discusses Nicolas Maduro and his actions and the effects that his actions have had on the Venezuelan people. The source briefly mentions some of the failed solutions that Venezuela has attempted to implement.

"Self-Inflicted Wounds; Free Exchange." The Economist. N.p., 8 Apr. 2017. Web. 9 Oct.

       2017.

The majority of this source discusses the economic complications and data of the country’s crash, both current and historical. The source discusses the role of Nicolas Maduro and his impact on the economy in a dictator-like position. Owing to the fact that much of the Venezuelan economy is based upon petroleum exportation, the source discusses the economy in the context of the petroleum market.

Tennant, Michael. "Venezuela: Socialism's House of Horrors: Socialism Destroys

       Countries' Economies: Under Low Doses of It, Countries Succumb Slowly to Its

       Ravages, and High Doses of Socialism Can Cause a Quick Demise." The New American.                                                                            N.p., 20 Mar. 2017. Web. 25 Oct. 2017.

The article discusses socialism in the context of Venezuela. The article compares Venezuela’s socialism to that of other socialist nations and speaks to why socialism did not work in Venezuela. The source provides many quotations from various American think tanks. Additionally, the source speaks to Chavez’s Venezuela and the transition the nation made from democracy to socialism and from President to a dictator-like figure.

"Venezuela Helicopter Pilot Oscar Pérez Killed in Raid." BBC News. BBC, 16 Jan. 2018.

       Web. 06 Mar. 2018.

This source was used for a short article about Oscar Perez. This told his life story and explained why he is relevant to the current situation in Venezuela. This source functioned as an essential short biography.

"Venezuela in Crisis." New Statesman. N.p., 11 Aug. 2017. Web.

This source speaks to the tendencies of a “petro-nation” and how Venezuela has become an example of these tendencies. The article summarizes the GDP drop and other related effects over the course of the past several years. The source also touches on the political corruption both in the Chavez era and currently being carried on by Maduro. Additionally, information is given about the British reaction to the Venezuelan crisis.

"Venezuela, Into the Abyss." Foreign Policy. N.p., 8 Dec. 2014. Web.

Discussing the large economic overview of Venezuela, this source is extremely helpful, as it was published in 2014 and shows the world reaction to the crisis in the beginnings of the crumble. On the other hand, the source helps to prove that although conditions have worsened greatly, the same problems are arising, just exacerbated by a long strain of political, economic, and social unrest. Touching both on the lack of toilet paper and also the current state of oil exportation, the article reiterates the main argument with a variety of different examples spanning economics, social issues, and political corruption.

"Turmoil Strangles Apparel Production." Just-Style.com 26 July 2017: n. pag. Web.

This article provides a great overview of the social, political, and economic standings currently via discussion of the apparel industry. Using the example of Jeantex, the article discusses the large decline of the apparel industry and the struggles faced by the employers and employees in the industry. Additionally, this source speaks to the reactions of the American government in response to the decline of the Venezuelan economy.

"The War on Cuteness; Venezuela." Economist (US) 23 Sept. 2017: n. pag. Web.

This source discusses a proposed solution put forth by the Venezuelan president Mr. Maduro. In this solution, he proposed giving low-income families baby rabbits to raise, breed, and eat. The source discusses the shortcomings of this plan and well as some anecdotes from the initial test pool of citizens who received baby rabbits.